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traffic
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... quickly to topology changes, yet involves small amounts of routing
protocol traffic.
The author would like to thank Rob Coltun, Milo Medin, Mike Petry and
...
... TOS). When
several equal-cost routes to a destination exist, traffic is distributed
equally among them. The cost of a route is described by a single
...
... Autonomous System. This information hiding enables a significant
reduction in routing traffic. Also, routing within the area is
determined only by the area's own topology ...
... network. This in turn
reduces the amount of routing protocol traffic and the size of the
topological database.
...
... database corruption). The paper
also included means for reducing the routing traffic overhead in an
SPF-based protocol. This was accomplished by introducing mechanisms
...
... includes methods for data and routing traffic reduction when operating
over broadcast networks ...
... Designated Router concept has been greatly
enhanced to further reduce the amount of routing traffic required.
Multicast capabilities are utilized for additional routing ...
...
The vertices of the graph can be further typed according to function.
Only some of these types carry transit data traffic; that is, traffic
that is neither locally originated nor locally destined. Vertices that
...
... The vertices of the graph can be further typed according to function.
Only some of these types carry transit data traffic; that is, traffic
that is neither locally originated nor locally destined. Vertices that
can carry transit traffic ...
... traffic
that is neither locally originated nor locally destined. Vertices that
can carry transit traffic are indicated on the graph by having both
incoming and outgoing edges.
...
... system administrator. The lower the
cost, the more likely the interface is to be used to forward data
traffic. Costs are also associated with the externally derived routing
data (e.g., the EGP ...
... router RT5 and router RT7 were advertising Type 2 external routes.
Then all traffic destined for network N12 would be forwarded to router
...
... TOS-0-only routers will
be avoided as much as possible when forwarding traffic requesting a
non-zero TOS.
...
... topology external to the area. This isolation of knowledge
enables the protocol to effect a marked reduction in routing traffic as
compared to treating the entire Autonomous System as a single SPF ...
... intra-area distances between the two routers. The routing
protocol traffic that flows along the virtual link uses intra-area ...
... system administrator some control over the routes
taken by inter-area traffic.
The correct area border router ...
... area border router
intelligently. Router RT1 would use RT4 for traffic to network N6, RT3
for traffic ...
... traffic to network N6, RT3
for traffic to network N10, and would load share between the two for
...
... external-destination basis. For example, area 3 in Figure 6 could be
configured as a stub area, because all external traffic must travel
though its single area border router RT11. If area 3 were configured as
...
... internal routers to pick the best exit router when forwarding traffic to
destinations in other areas.
...
... routing protocol packets should be given
preference over regular IP data traffic, both when being sent and
received. As an aid to accomplishing this, OSPF protocol packets should
...
... connectivity may result. This may result in ICMP unreachable messages
being sent in response to data traffic. For that reason, the Designated
Router should change only infrequently. Router Priorities ...
... ,
which can potentially take quite a long time. During this time, the
network would not be available for transit data traffic. The Backup
Designated obviates the need to form these adjacencies, since they
already exist. This means the period of disruption in transit traffic ...
... data traffic. The Backup
Designated obviates the need to form these adjacencies, since they
already exist. This means the period of disruption in transit traffic
lasts only as long as it take to flood the new link state advertisements ...
... Designated Router do more of the work.
This cuts down on the amount of local routing traffic. See Section 13.3
for more information.
...
... protocols have indicated that the interface is unusable. No
protocol traffic at all will be sent or received on such a
interface. In this state ...
... interface will be unavailable for regular data traffic. However, it
may still be desirable to gain information on the quality of this
interface ...
... Network, is actually used when forwarding IP data traffic. The
other destinations are used solely as intermediate steps in the
...
... range of IP addresses, to which IP data traffic may be
forwarded. This includes IP networks (class ...
... Path-type
There are four possible types of paths used to route traffic to the
destination, listed here in order of preference: intra-area ...
... Next hop
The outgoing router interface to use when forwarding traffic to the
destination. On multi-access ...
... administrator may want to
encourage the use of the line for high bandwidth traffic. This would be
done by setting the metric artificially low for that TOS. Router ...
... next hop indicates the
outgoing router interface to use when forwarding traffic to the
destination. On multi-access ...
... link (from V to W) is LSInfinity, the link
should not be used for data traffic. In this case, examine the
next link in the advertisement.
...
... link is LSInfinity, the link should
not be used for data traffic. In this case, go on to examine the
next stub network link ...
... in Sections 16.1 and 16.2 may be over a virtual link. However, when
forwarding data traffic to a destination, the next hops must always be
...
... next hops may produce unexpected results.
After the virtual next hops are resolved, traffic that was originally
scheduled to go over the virtual link may instead take a different path
...
... link's transit area. In other words, virtual links
allow transit traffic to be forwarded through an area, but do not
dictate the precise path that the traffic will take.
...
... allow transit traffic to be forwarded through an area, but do not
dictate the precise path that the traffic will take.
As an example, consider the Autonomous System ...
... RT2 and RT3) will forward their
network N1 traffic towards router RT5, instead of RT4. And indeed,
after resolving the virtual next hop ...
... RT1 will also forward network N1 traffic towards RT5. So, in this
example the virtual link enables network ...
... link enables network N1 traffic to be forwarded
through the transit Area 1, but the actual path the data traffic takes
...
... N1 traffic to be forwarded
through the transit Area 1, but the actual path the data traffic takes
does not follow the virtual link.
...
... route to
each destination. These routes are then used to forward all data
traffic, regardless of the TOS indications in the data packet's IP
header ...
... This means that before data traffic will flow between a pair of neighboring routers, their link state ...
... OSPF protocol packets should be given
precedence over regular IP data traffic, in both sending and
receiving. Setting the IP ...
... allows
routers to route traffic around reduced functionality routers, by
excluding them from parts of the routing table ...
... TOS routing will be avoided as
much as possible when forwarding data traffic requesting a non-zero
TOS ...
... Forwarding address
Data traffic for the advertised destination will be forwarded to
this address ...
... this address. If the Forwarding address is set to 0.0.0.0, data
traffic will be forwarded instead to the advertisement's originator
(i.e., the responsible AS boundary router ...
... hindrance to the flow of routing protocol traffic. The following items
must be configured for an area:
...
... faster topological changes will be detected, but more routing
traffic will ensue. Sample value for a X.25 PDN network: 30
...
... AS external
advertisements will be flooded into the area (Sections 13, 13.3 and
10.3). Instead, within the area all data traffic to external
destinations will follow a (per-area) default route. These areas are
...
... system administrator will be able to
discover incorrectly configured routers, and data traffic will be routed
around them (in order to avoid potential looping situations) until their
configuration can be repaired.
...
... to calculate/use only a single routing table (the
TOS 0 table). When this is done, some traffic may take non-optimal
routes. But all packets will still be delivered, and routing will
...
... availability for non-zero TOS traffic (Sections 12.4.3 and 12.4.4).
The result may be that no route ...
... link state
advertisements allows routers to route traffic around reduced
functionality router, by excluding them from parts of the routing table ...