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ICMP
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...
MECHANISM
Net components are pinged by use of ICMP echo and,
optionally, CHAOS status requests and SNMP ...
... BSD UNIX or related OS. IP/ICMP is required;
CHAOS/STATUS and SNMP can be used but are optional.
...
... socket programming libraries (lim-
ited set) and some flavor of TCP/IP that supports ICMP
echo request (ping ...
... ing SunOS 3.2, 4.0, and 4.3BSD). It could be ported to
any platform that provides a BSD-style programming li-
brary with an ICMP echo request facility and curses.
...
... ICMP"
ping packets (ICMP was preferred over SNMP for many
obvious reasons). This program can use the default out-
...
... trace route information is compiled by sending alter-
nating ICMP ECHO REQUEST packets and UDP packets with
...
... TTL
(time to live) of 1. This should cause an ICMP TIME
EXCEEDED error to be generated by the first routing
...
... gateway. Then each packet is sent with a TTL of 2.
This should cause an ICMP TIME EXCEEDED error to be
generated by the second routing gateway ...
... packet is sent with a TTL of 3, and so on. This pro-
cess continues until an ICMP ECHO REPLY or UDP PORT
...
... routing. Though some ping
implementations support the ICMP "record route"
feature, the usefulness of this option for debugging
...
... MECHANISM
Traceroute relies on the ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED error
reporting mechanism. When an IP packet is received by
...
... an gateway with a time-to-live value of 0, an ICMP
packet is sent to the host which generated the packet.
By sending packets ...
... the next hop can be identified as the source of the
ICMP TIME EXCEEDED message. By incrementing the TTL
...
... packet sent out is also time stamped. The time stamp
is returned as part of the ICMP packet so a round trip
delay can be calculated.
...
... TTL
field in the arriving packet as the TTL for the ICMP
error reply, which delays identification.
...