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NXT
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... NXT resource record and its use in DNS
responses. The NXT RR permits authenticated denial in the DNS of the
...
... for the non-existence of a domain name in a zone or the non-existence
of a type for an existing name. This gap is filled by the NXT RR
which authenticatably asserts a range of non-existent names in a zone
...
...
Section 5 below covers the NXT RR.
...
... The SOA and any other RRs that have the zone name as owner should
appear only in the subzone and thus are signed there. The NXT RR type
is an exceptional case that will always appear differently and
authoritatively in both the superzone and subzone, if both are
...
... CNAME or any
other type will not retrieve any associated signature, key, or NXT
RR. For types other than CNAME, it will retrieve that type at the
target ...
...
The nonexistence of a name in a zone is indicated by the NXT ("next")
RR for a name interval containing the nonexistent name. A NXT RR ...
... NXT ("next")
RR for a name interval containing the nonexistent name. A NXT RR and
its SIG are returned in the authority ...
...
The existence of a complete set of NXT records in a zone means that
any query for any name and any type to a security ...
...
NXT RRs do not appear in zone master files since they can be derived
from the rest of the zone.
...
... The NXT Resource Record ...
...
The owner name of the NXT RR is an existing name in the zone. It's
RDATA is a "next" name and a type bit ...
... RDATA is a "next" name and a type bit map. The presence of the NXT RR
means that generally no name between its owner name and the name in
its RDATA ...
...
There is a potential problem with the last NXT in a zone as it wants
to have an owner name which is the last existing name in canonical
...
...
The NXT RRs for a zone SHOULD be automatically calculated and added
to the zone by the same recommended off-line ...
... to the zone by the same recommended off-line process that signs the
zone (see Section 7.2). The NXT RR's TTL SHOULD not exceed the zone
minimum TTL ...
... NXT RDATA Format ...
...
The type number for the NXT RR is 30.
...
... bit map are assumed
to be zero. Note that bit 30, for NXT, will always be on so the
minimum bit map length is actually four octets. The NXT ...
... NXT, will always be on so the
minimum bit map length is actually four octets. The NXT bit map
should be printed as a list of RR ...
... big.foo.tld. SIG NXT 1 3 ( ;type-cov=NXT, alg=1, labels=3
19960102030405 ;signature expiration
...
... Note that this response implies that big.foo.tld is an existing name
in the zone and thus has other RR types associated with it than NXT.
However, only the NXT (and its SIG ...
... RR types associated with it than NXT.
However, only the NXT (and its SIG) RR appear in the response to this
...
... wildcard RR causes all possible names in an
interval to exist, there should not be an NXT RR that would cover any
part of this interval. Thus if *.X.ZONE exists you would expect an
NXT RR ...
... NXT RR that would cover any
part of this interval. Thus if *.X.ZONE exists you would expect an
NXT RR that ends at X.ZONE and one that starts with the last name
covered by *.X.ZONE. However, this "last name covered" is something
...
... starts with the last name
covered by *.X.ZONE. However, this "last name covered" is something
very ugly and long like \255\255\255....X.zone. So the NXT for the
interval following is simply given the owner name *.X.ZONE and an
RDATA ...
... RDATA of the next name after the wildcard. This "*" type owner name
is not expanded when the NXT is returned as authority information in
connection ...
... RRs in a zone and thus wildcard NXTs,
care must be taken in interpreting the results of explicit NXT
retrievals as the owner name may be a wildcard expansion.
...
... RRs in the internal. The server can just falsely
return the wildcard match NXT instead of the more specifically named
RRs. If there is a zone wide wildcard ...
... RRs. If there is a zone wide wildcard, there will be an NXT RR whose
owner name is the wild card and whose RDATA is the zone name. In this
...
... case a server could conceal the existence of any more specific RRs in
the zone. It would be possible to design a more strict NXT feature
which would eliminate this possibility. But it would be more complex
and might be so constraining as to make any dynamic update ...
... In a secure zone, a resolver can query for the initial NXT associated
with the zone name. Using the next domain name RDATA ...
... RR, it can query for the next NXT RR. By repeating this, it can walk
through all the NXTs in the zone. If there are no wildcards, it can
...
...
If there are any wildcards, this NXT walking technique will not find
any more specific RR names in the part of the name space ...
...
If it is desired to block NXT walking, the recommended method is to
add a zone wide wildcard ...
... entity, or user) bit on. This will cause
there to be one zone covering NXT RR and leak no information about
what real names exist in the zone. This protection from pseudo-zone
...
... pseudo-zone
transfers is bought at the expense of eliminating the data origin
authentication of the non-existence of names that NXT RRs can
provide. If an entire zone is covered by a wildcard ...
... RR produced by matching the resulting wildcard
NXT and can thus hide all the real data and delegations in the zone
that have more specific names.
...
... root) which is the head of a zone also appears as
the leaf in a superzone. If both are secure, there will always be
two different NXT RRs with the same name. They can be distinguished
by their signers ...
... domain name fields. Security aware servers
should return the correct NXT automatically when required to
authenticate the non-existence of a name and both NXTs, if available,
...
... authenticate the non-existence of a name and both NXTs, if available,
on explicit query for type NXT.
...
...
Insecure servers will never automatically return an NXT and some
implementations may only return the NXT from the subzone on explicit
...
... Insecure servers will never automatically return an NXT and some
implementations may only return the NXT from the subzone on explicit
queries.
...
... Minimal server compliance is the ability to store and retrieve
(including zone transfer) SIG, KEY, and NXT RRs. Any secondary,
caching, or other server for a secure zone ...
...
(1) ability to read SIG, KEY, and NXT RRs in zone files and (2)
ability, given a zone file and private key ...
... private key, to add appropriate SIG
and NXT RRs, possibly via a separate application, (3) proper
automatic inclusion of SIG ...
... RRs, possibly via a separate application, (3) proper
automatic inclusion of SIG, KEY, and NXT RRs in responses, (4)
suppression of CNAME ...
...
A basic compliance resolver can handle SIG, KEY, and NXT RRs when
they are explicitly requested.
...
...
A fully compliant resolver (1) understands KEY, SIG, and NXT RRs,
(2) maintains appropriate information in its local caches ...