IP address
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... IP Address translation arises when a network's internal
IP addresses cannot be used outside the network either because they
are invalid for use outside, or because the internal addressing ...
... routed to the right end-node in either realm. This solution only
works when the applications do not use the IP addresses as part of
the protocol itself. For example, identifying endpoints using DNS
names ...
... source IP
address, ICMP query ID, target IP address). All other sessions are
characterized by the tuple of (source IP address ...
... sessions are
characterized by the tuple of (source IP address, target IP address,
IP protocol).
...
... Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
three blocks of IP address space, namely 10/8, 172.16/12, and
192.168/16 set aside for private internets. In pre-CIDR notation, the
...
...
An organization that decides to use IP addresses in the address space
defined above can do so without coordination with IANA ...
... Not all applications lend themselves easily to translation by NAT
devices; especially those that include IP addresses and TCP/UDP ports
...
... Network Address Translation is a method by which IP addresses are
mapped from one address realm to another, providing transparent
...
... Address binding is the phase in which a local node IP address is
associated with an external address or vice versa, for purposes of
...
... NAT to be completely transparent to end
hosts, the IP address of the IP header embedded in the payload of the
...
... The following is a description of the properties of realms supported
by traditional NAT. IP addresses of hosts in external network are
...
... header checksums are translated. For inbound
packets, the destination IP address and the checksums as listed above
are translated.
...
... ICMP query ID. For inbound packets, the
destination IP address, destination transport identifier and the IP ...
... of a realm-aware host in a private realm, which assumes realm-
specific IP address to communicate with hosts in private or external
realm.
...
... RSA-IP) client adopts an IP address from
the external address space when connecting to a host ...
... devices often cause difficulties: 1) when an application payload
includes an IP address, and 2) when end-to-end security is needed.
Note, this is not a comprehensive list.
...
... Application layer security techniques that do not make use of or
depend on IP addresses will work correctly in the presence of NAT
(e.g., TLS ...
... session it supports. The arguments to the PORT command and PASV
response are an IP address and a TCP port in ASCII. An FTP ...
... address translation by
NAT devices. Especially, the applications that carry IP address (and
TU port, in case of NAPT ...
... Session characteristics like session orientation,
source and destination IP addresses, session protocol, and source and
destination transport ...
... attack another machine or even sending large amounts of junk mail or
something) it is more difficult to pinpoint the source of the trouble
because the IP address of the host is hidden in a NAT router ...
... encrypted end to end, so long as the
payload does not contain IP addresses and/or transport identifiers
...