URN
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...
As part of the validation process for the development of URNs the
IETF working group agreed that it is important to demonstrate that
...
... IETF working group agreed that it is important to demonstrate that
the current URN syntax proposal can accommodate existing identifiers
from well established namespaces ...
... Lynch] investigated the feasibility of using three identifiers
(ISBN, ISSN and SICI) as URNs.
This document will analyse the usage of national bibliography ...
... This document will analyse the usage of national bibliography numbers
(NBNs) as URNs. The need to extend analysis to new identifier
systems was briefly discussed in RFC 2288 ...
... National Library of Finland on the request of the Conference of
Directors of National Libraries (CDNL) and the Conference of the
European National Librarians (CENL). Chapter 5 contains a URN
namespace registration request modeled according to the template in
RFC 2611(-> 3406) ...
... The document at hand is part of a global co-operation of the national
libraries to foster identification of electronic documents in general
and utilisation of URNs in particular. Some national libraries,
including the national libraries of Finland, Norway and Sweden, are
already assigning NBN-based URNs ...
... URNs in particular. Some national libraries,
including the national libraries of Finland, Norway and Sweden, are
already assigning NBN-based URNs for electronic resources.
We have used the URN Namespace ...
... URNs for electronic resources.
We have used the URN Namespace Identifier "NBN" for the national
bibliographic numbers in examples below.
...
... Framework provides resolution services that may be used to
describe any differences between the resource identified by a URN and
the resource that would be returned as a result of resolving that
URN ...
... URN and
the resource that would be returned as a result of resolving that
URN. However, NBNs will be used for instance to identify resources
in digital Web archives created ...
... authority which controls them.
For this reason NBNs are unique only on national level. When used as
URNs, NBN strings must be augmented with a controlled prefix such as
country code ...
... country code. These prefixes guarantee uniqueness of the NBN-based
URNs on the global scale.
NBNs have traditionally been given to documents that do not have a
...
...
Some national libraries (e.g., Finland, Norway, Sweden) have
established Web-based URN generators, which enable authors and
publishers to fetch NBN-based URNs ...
... URN generators, which enable authors and
publishers to fetch NBN-based URNs for their network documents. At
least national libraries of Sweden and Finland are harvesting and
...
... documents do not qualify for other identifiers such as ISBN. F-
codes, embedded into URNs, can be fetched from the URN generator
(http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/cgi-bin/urn.pl ...
... identifiers such as ISBN. F-
codes, embedded into URNs, can be fetched from the URN generator
(http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/cgi-bin/urn.pl) developed in co-operation
...
... guide (http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/meta/URN-opas.html; only in
Finnish), which tells the users how to use URNs.
F-codes are also used within the Web harvesting and archiving
...
... http://www.kb.nl/nedlib). NEDLIB harvester calculates MD5 checksum
for each archived resource, and then builds an NBN-based URN from the
checksum. The URN ...
... URN from the
checksum. The URN serves then as a unique identifier to the archived
resource. Traditional identifiers ...
... identifiers embedded into the body of the document.
The F-code built by the URN generator consist of:
Prefix ...
... ISO 3166
country code. Thus a URN based on F-code would in this case be for
instance urn:nbn:fi-fe19991055.
...
... instance urn:nbn:fi-fe19991055.
URNs created by the Web archiving application have similar overall
structure, except that prefix ...
...
F-codes never need any special encoding when used as URNs, since they
consist of alphanumeric codes only (0-9, a-z). This is often the
case for other national libraries' NBN systems as well.
...
... MOATS].
When an NBN is used as a URN, the namespace specific string will
consist of three parts: prefix ...
... sub-namespace code>-<assigned NBN
string>
URN:NBN:<non-ISO 3166 prefix>-<assigned NBN string>
...
... Resolution of NBN-based URNs ...
... The (usually) country code-based prefix part of the URN namespace
specific string will provide a guide to where to find a resolution
service ...
... service, and the NBN register will identify the assigning agency.
Once the NBN-based URN resolution is in global usage, the number of
prefixes will slowly approach and may eventually exceed the number of
...
... bibliography database, then all NBN-based URNs for that country will
be resolved there. In one model these databases contain detailed
...
... Web documents and there is no obligation to deposit thus identified
documents to the national library, URN resolution service is not
possible without a national Web index and archive ...
... national library or other organisation(s). A Web index/archive will
also resolve machine-generated URNs to the archived Web documents.
...
... identifier assignment has in practice been well co-ordinated.
A NBN-based URN will resolve to single instance of the work if
identifier ...
... encoding several existing
bibliographic identifiers within the URN framework. This document
does not discuss resolution except at a very generic level; thus
...
... address means of validating the integrity or
authenticating the source or provenance of URNs that contain
bibliographic identifiers. Issues regarding intellectual property
rights ...
... This Namespace ID has been in production use in demonstrator systems
since summer 1998; thousands of URNs from this namespace have already
been delivered in Finland, Sweden and Norway.
...
... The first registration of the NID "NBN" was done via the URN WG in
1998. The second, slightly edited registration request ...
... Address: P.O.Box 26, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
Both CENL and CDNL made decisions to foster the usage of URNs during
1998. The latter organisation has set up a working group for this
...
... purpose. One item in the common work plan is utilisation of national
bibliography numbers as URNs for identification of grey literature
published in the Internet. The NBN namespace ...
... sub-namespace code>-<assigned NBN
string>
URN:NBN:<non-ISO 3166 prefix>-<assigned NBN string>
...
... A country code-based URN: URN:NBN:fi-fe19981001 (A URN assigned by
the National Library of Finland).
...
... country code-based URN: URN:NBN:fi-fe19981001 (A URN assigned by
the National Library of Finland).
...
...
Some national libraries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) have established
Web-based URN generators, which enable authors and publishers to
fetch NBN-based URNs ...
... URN generators, which enable authors and publishers to
fetch NBN-based URNs for their network documents.
...
... namespace specific
string is obligatory in order to guarantee global uniqueness of NBN-
based URNs.
In the national level, libraries utilise different policies for
...
... guaranteeing uniqueness. A national library may automate the
delivery of NBN-based URNs. In this case, the NBNs are assigned
sequentially by a program (URN generator).
...
... delivery of NBN-based URNs. In this case, the NBNs are assigned
sequentially by a program (URN generator).
Identifier ...
... identifier assignment:
Assignment of NBN-based URNs is always controlled on national level
by the national library / national libraries. The Conference of
Directors of National Librarians (CDNL) has established in 1999 a
...
... by the national library / national libraries. The Conference of
Directors of National Librarians (CDNL) has established in 1999 a
task force, which will co-ordinate the URN usage in all national
libraries.
...
...
National libraries may choose different strategies in assigning NBN-
based URNs. One option is assignment by the library personnel only.
This is done when the document is catalogued into the national
bibliography ...
... service.
A national library may also set up a URN generator (generators), and
allow publishers and authors to retrieve NBN-based URNs ...
... URN generator (generators), and
allow publishers and authors to retrieve NBN-based URNs from there.
In this case there is no guarantee that the identified resource will
ever be catalogued into the national bibliography ...
... In this case there is no guarantee that the identified resource will
ever be catalogued into the national bibliography, and URN resolution
is dependent on Web index/archive.
...
... identifier resolution:
URNs based on NBNs will be primarily resolved via the national
bibliography databases ...
... bibliography
database URN resolution may take place via national or international
Web indexes and/or archives. Nordic national libraries have
...
... Nordic countries. Indexes to these archive systems will be able to
act as URN resolution services of any document which a) is or has
been available via the Web, and b) had an URN ...
... URN resolution services of any document which a) is or has
been available via the Web, and b) had an URN embedded into it.
Country code ...
... bibliography database, then all NBN-based URNs for that country will
be resolved there. If the authors and publishers have been allowed
...
... be resolved there. If the authors and publishers have been allowed
to retrieve NBNs to their Web resources, URN resolution services
require a national Web archive ...
... require a national Web archive. If other organisations have been
allowed to assign NBNs, they may also set up their own URN resolution
services.
...
... rules, on the basis of its NBN syntax.
Conformance with URN Syntax:
All NBNs we know of are ASCII strings ...
... ASCII strings consisting of letters (a-z) and
numbers (0-9). If NBN contains characters that are reserved in the
URN syntax, this data must be presented in hex encoded form as
defined in RFC 2141prop. A national library may limit the full scope of
...
... defined in RFC 2141prop. A national library may limit the full scope of
its NBN strings in URN usage in such a way that there are no reserved
characters in the URN namespace specific strings.
...
... its NBN strings in URN usage in such a way that there are no reserved
characters in the URN namespace specific strings.
Validation mechanism ...
... Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R. and P. Faltstrom, "URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms", RFC 2611(-> 3406), June 1999. ...