routing
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... numbers. Geographic E.164 numbers were intentionally designed as
hierarchical routing addresses which could systematically be digit-
analyzed to ascertain the country, serving network ...
... edge of the network and retain the use of
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) blocks in the core which can be
route ...
... address, and a
network routing address) that must be made available to network
elements through an NP translation database ...
... signaling, and recorded on call detail records. Not only is call
processing and routing affected, but also Signaling System Number 7
(SS7 ...
... geographic E.164 numbers specifically. Following that, specific
information regarding the call routing and database query
...
... Portability Database (NPDB) interfaces and the call routing schemes
that are used in North America and Europe ...
... Identification Code
CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing
CMIP Common Management Information Protocol
...
... Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LEC Local Exchange Carrier
LERG Local Exchange Routing Guide
LNP Local Number Portability
LRN Location Routing ...
... Routing Guide
LNP Local Number Portability
LRN Location Routing Number
MAP Mobile Application Part
...
... Routing Number
OR Onward Routing
OSS Operation Support System
PCS Personal Communication Services ...
... IP
telephony implementations as a result of regulatory and industry
requirements for providing call routing and signaling independent of
the donor network ...
... networks so as to show which
networks are involved in call handling and routing and database
queries ...
... provider.
2) The NPDB returns the routing number associated with the dialed
directory number. The routing number is discussed later in
...
... 2) The NPDB returns the routing number associated with the dialed
directory number. The routing number is discussed later in
Section 6.
...
...
3) The Originating Network uses the routing number to route the call
to the new serving network ...
... administered NPDB.
4) The NPDB returns the routing number associated with the dialed
directory number.
...
...
5) The Originating Network uses the routing number to route the call
to the new serving network ...
... network-specific NPDB.
3) The internal NPDB returns the routing number associated with the
dialed directory number.
...
...
5) The Originating Network uses the routing number to route the call
to the new serving network ...
... network-specific NPDB.
3) The internal NPDB returns the routing number associated with the
dialed directory number.
...
...
Only the ACQ scheme does not involve the donor network when routing
the call to the new serving network of the dialed ported number. The
...
... Both the ACQ and QoR schemes involve Centralized NPDBs for the
Originating Network to retrieve the routing information. Centralized
NPDB means that the NPDB contains ported number information from
multiple networks ...
... NPA. When a NPA+NXX code is set as "portable"
in the Local Exchange Routing Guide (LERG), it becomes a "portable
NPA+NXX" code.
...
... switch
query the NPDB for routing information. Various standards have been
defined for the switch-to-NPDB interface ...
... query contains
the dialed directory number and the NPDB response contains the
routing number. There is certainly other information that is sent in
the query and response. The primary interest is to get the routing ...
... routing number. There is certainly other information that is sent in
the query and response. The primary interest is to get the routing
number from the NPDB to the switch for call routing ...
... Call Routing in the NP Environment ...
...
This section discusses the call routing after the routing information
has been retrieved either through an NPDB query ...
...
This section discusses the call routing after the routing information
has been retrieved either through an NPDB query or an internal
...
... Dropback scheme). For the ACQ, QoR and Dropback schemes, it is the
Originating Network that has the routing information and is ready to
route the call. For the OR ...
... OR scheme, it is the donor network that has
the routing information and is ready to route the call.
...
... In the U.S. and Canada, a ten-digit North American Numbering Plan
(NANP) number called Location Routing Number (LRN) is assigned to
every switch involved in NP. In the NANP, a switch ...
... telephone number is returned as the network routing address in the
NPDB response. The service ...
... switch may have more than one LRN.
During call routing/processing, a switch performs an NPDB query to
...
...
In some European countries, a routing number is prefixed to the
dialed directory number. The ISUP CdPN parameter in the IAM ...
... ISUP CdPN parameter in the IAM will
contain the routing prefix and the dialed directory number. For
example, United Kingdom uses routing prefixes ...
... routing prefix and the dialed directory number. For
example, United Kingdom uses routing prefixes with the format of
5XXXXX and Italy uses C600XXXXX as the routing prefix ...
... example, United Kingdom uses routing prefixes with the format of
5XXXXX and Italy uses C600XXXXX as the routing prefix. The networks
...
... Network
is required to identify the Current Serving Switch before routing the
call to that switch. This shields the Current Serving Switch ...
... networks at the
expense of an additional NPDB query. Another routing number, that be
meaningful within the Current Serving Network, will replace the
...
... meaningful within the Current Serving Network, will replace the
previously prefixed routing number in the ISUP CdPN parameter. For
the latter case, the call is routed to the Current Serving Switch ...
... When the terminating switch receives the IAM and sees its own routing
prefix in the CdPN parameter, it retrieves the originally dialed
...
... prefix in the CdPN parameter, it retrieves the originally dialed
directory number after the routing prefix, and uses the dialed
directory number to terminate the call.
...
... directory number to terminate the call.
The call routing example described above shows one of the three
methods that can be used to transport ...
... transport the Directory Number (DN) and
the Routing Number (RN) in the ISUP IAM message. In addition, some
...
... DN
and a new Network Routing Number (NRN) parameter containing the
RN. This method requires that the switches ...
... the DN in the CdPN parameter. Some countries may not use new NOA
value because the routing prefix does not overlap with the dialed
directory numbers. But if the routing ...
... routing prefix does not overlap with the dialed
directory numbers. But if the routing prefix overlaps with the
dialed directory numbers, a new NOA value must be assigned. For
...
... prefix overlaps with the
dialed directory numbers, a new NOA value must be assigned. For
example, Spain uses "XXXXXX" as the routing prefix to identify the
new serving network ...
... boundaries unless the interconnection agreements allow it. For
example, a UK routing prefix can only be used in the UK, and would
cause a routing problem ...
... routing prefix can only be used in the UK, and would
cause a routing problem if it appears outside the UK.
As indicated earlier, an originating wireless network ...
... network can send the GSM MAP Send Routing Information (SRI)
message to the MNP-SRF when receiving a call from the wireline ...
... register of numbers ported away from +
+ + its network. Telstra uses onward routing via an +
+ + on-switch solution. +
...
... + Country + SPNP Implementation +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Austria + Uses onward routing at the donor network. Routing +
...
... + Austria + Uses onward routing at the donor network. Routing +
+ + prefix is "86xx" where "xx" identifies the +
...
... network. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Belgium + ACQ selected by the industry. Routing prefix is +
+ + "Cxxxx" where "xxxx" identifies the recipient +
...
... + + "Cxxxx" where "xxxx" identifies the recipient +
+ + switch. Another routing prefix is "C00xx" with "xx"+
+ + identifying the recipient network ...
... network. Plan to use NOA+
+ + to identify concatenated numbers and abandon the +
+ + hexadecimal routing prefix. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
...
... + + concerning this matter. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Denmark + Uses ACQ. Routing number not passed between +
+ + operators; however, NOA is set to "112" to +
+ + indicate "ported number." QoR can be used based +
...
... agreements. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Finland + Uses ACQ. Routing prefix is "1Dxxy" where "xxy" +
+ + identifies the recipient network ...
... service type. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ France + Uses onward routing. Routing prefix is "Z0xxx" +
...
... +-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ France + Uses onward routing. Routing prefix is "Z0xxx" +
+ + where "xxx" identifies the recipient switch ...
... + + rerouting. Operators decide their own solution(s).+
+ + Deutsche Telekom uses ACQ. Routing prefix is +
+ + "Dxxx" where "xxx" identifies the recipient +
...
... network informs other networks about +
+ + ported-in numbers. Routing prefix is "14x" where +
+ + "14x" identifies the recipient network ...
... + + "14x" identifies the recipient network, or a +
+ + routing number of "4x" plus 7 or 8 digits is used +
+ + where "4x" identifies the recipient network and +
...
... +-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Ireland + Operators choose their own solution but use onward +
+ + routing now. Routing prefix is "1750" as the intra-+
...
... + Ireland + Operators choose their own solution but use onward +
+ + routing now. Routing prefix is "1750" as the intra-+
+ + network ...
... prefix is "1750" as the intra-+
+ + network routing code (network-specific) and +
+ + "1752xxx" to "1759xxx" for GNP where "xxx" +
...
... switch. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Italy + Uses onward routing. Routing prefix is "C600xxxxx" +
...
... +-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Italy + Uses onward routing. Routing prefix is "C600xxxxx" +
+ + where "xxxxx" identifies the recipient switch ...
... switch solution. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Japan + Uses onward routing. Donor switch uses IN to get +
...
... switch uses IN to get +
+ + routing number. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Mexico + NP is considered in the Telecom ...
... + + chosen ACQ or QoR. KPN implemented IN solution +
+ + similar to U.S. solution. Routing prefix is not +
+ + passed between operators. +
...
... + Norway + OR for short-term and ACQ for long-term. QoR is +
+ + optional. Routing prefix can be "xxx" with NOA=8, +
+ + or "142xx" with NOA=3 where "xxx" or "xx" +
...
... + Spain + Uses ACQ. Telefonica uses QoR within its network. +
+ + Routing prefix is "xxyyzz" where "xxyyzz" +
+ + identifies the recipient network ...
... OR for operators without +
+ + IN. Routing prefix is "xxx" with NOA=8 or "394xxx" +
+ + with NOA=3 where "xxx" identifies the recipient +
...
... + + network. But operators decide NP scheme to use. +
+ + Telia uses onward routing between operators. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
...
... +-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ Switzerland + Uses OR now and QoR in 2001. Routing prefix is +
+ + "980xxx" where "xxx" identifies the recipient +
...
... network. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ UK + Uses onward routing. Routing prefix is "5xxxxx" +
...
... +-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ UK + Uses onward routing. Routing prefix is "5xxxxx" +
+ + where "xxxxx" identifies the recipient switch ...
... network. +
+-------------+----------------------------------------------------+
+ US + Uses ACQ. "Location Routing Number (LRN)" is used +
+ + in the Called Party Number parameter. Called party+
+ + number is carried in the Generic Address ...
... processes and call processing will enable proper and efficient
routing.
From a number administration and NP administration perspective, block
...
... administrative processes and call processing will enable proper and
efficient routing.
...
... network
needs to query those existing NPDBs for routing number information to
terminate the calls to the destination GSTN ...
... SIP needs to transport. They
are 1) the called directory number, 2) a routing number, and 3) a
NPDB dip indicator. The NPDB dip indicator is needed so that the
terminating GSTN ...
... NPDB dip indicator. The NPDB dip indicator is needed so that the
terminating GSTN will not perform another NPDB dip. The routing
number is needed so that it is used to route the call to the
...
... GSTN switch can
terminate the call. When the routing number is present, the NPDB dip
indicator may not be present because there are cases where the
routing ...
... routing number is present, the NPDB dip
indicator may not be present because there are cases where the
routing number is added for routing the call even if NP is not
involved. One issue is how to transport ...
... indicator may not be present because there are cases where the
routing number is added for routing the call even if NP is not
involved. One issue is how to transport the NP related information
...
... query, the logical step is to perform the NPDB dip first to retrieve
the routing number and use that routing number to select the correct
IP telephony ...
... query, the logical step is to perform the NPDB dip first to retrieve
the routing number and use that routing number to select the correct
IP telephony gateways ...
... INVITE message, it,
instead of the called directory number, should be used for making
routing decisions assuming that no other higher priority routing-
...
... routing decisions assuming that no other higher priority routing-
related parameters such as the "cic" (Carrier Identification Code)
...
... related parameters such as the "cic" (Carrier Identification Code)
are present. If "rn" (Routing Number) is not present, then the
dialed directory number can be used as the routing number for making
...
... are present. If "rn" (Routing Number) is not present, then the
dialed directory number can be used as the routing number for making
routing decisions.
...
... dialed directory number can be used as the routing number for making
routing decisions.
Telephony Routing ...
... destinations. With
the NP in mind, it is very important to know, that if present, it is
the routing number, not the called directory number, that should be
used to check against the TRIP tables for making the routing ...
... routing number, not the called directory number, that should be
used to check against the TRIP tables for making the routing
decisions.
...
... Overlap signaling exists in the GSTN today. For a call routing from
the originating GSTN to the IP-based ...
... IP-based networks that are to retrieve the NP information
(e.g., the routing number) must collect a complete called directory
number information before retrieving the NP information for a ported
number. Otherwise, the information retrieval won't be successful.
...
... domain or entity in a NP-capable country. This
may increase the number of digits in the routing number to
incorporate the IP entities and impact the existing routing ...
... routing number to
incorporate the IP entities and impact the existing routing in the
GSTN. Another method ...
... that dialed directory number. Yet, another method can be to assign a
special routing number so that the call to an end user currently
served by an IP entity ...
... queries and responses are transported over the Internet. If the
routing number or routing prefix in the response is altered during
...
... Internet. If the
routing number or routing prefix in the response is altered during
the message transport ...
... requirements for service provider portability (All call query and onward routing)," May 1998. ...
... Rosenberg, J., Salama, H. and M. Squire, "Telephony Routing Information Protocol (TRIP)", RFC 3219prop, January 2002. ...