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... connection begins with a question: "What is the appropriate
sending rate for the current network path?" The question is not
answered explicitly, but each TCP connection determines the sending
rate ...
... answered explicitly, but each TCP connection determines the sending
rate by probing the network path and altering the congestion window
(cwnd) based on perceived congestion ...
... RFC3390]). The TCP
connection then probes the network for available bandwidth using the
slow-start ...
... slow-start algorithm can be time-consuming --- especially over
networks with large bandwidth or long delays. It may take a number
of RTTs ...
... TCP connection begins to fully use
the available bandwidth of the network. For instance, it takes
log_2(N) - 2 round-trip times to build cwnd up to N segments ...
... sender
does not necessarily know if the control packet has been dropped in
the network. If the packet containing the Quick-Start Request is
acknowledged, but the acknowledgement packet does not contain a
...
... Hop-by-Hop Options
extension header that is processed at every network node along the
communication path [RFC2460 ...
... sender.
If the Rate Request was not decremented in the network, then the QS
Nonce should have its original value. Similarly, if the Rate Request
was decremented by N steps in the network ...
... network, then the QS
Nonce should have its original value. Similarly, if the Rate Request
was decremented by N steps in the network, and the receiver reports
back a Rate Request of K, then the last 2K bits ...
... receiver has a 1/4 chance of cheating about
each step change in the rate request. Thus, if the rate request is
reduced by two steps in the network, the receiver has a 1/16 chance
of successfully reporting that the original request was approved, as
...
... this requires reporting the original value for the QS nonce.
Similarly, if the rate request is reduced many steps in the network,
and the receiver receives a QS ...
... connection initiation, when the transport has no
idea of the capacity of the network path, as discussed above. (A
transport that uses TCP ...
... host has received explicit indications that one of the
endpoints has moved its point of network attachment. This can
happen due to some underlying mobility mechanism like Mobile IP
...
... switch addresses (and therefore
network paths) in mid-connection. If the transport has concrete
...
... connection. If the transport has concrete
knowledge of a changing network path, then the current sending
rate may not be appropriate, and the transport sender ...
... Quick-Start to probe the network to see if it can send at a
higher rate. (Alternatively, traditional slow-start should be
...
... application-limited period, when the sender has been
using only a small amount of its appropriate share of the network
capacity and has no valid estimate for its fair share. In this
...
... The Quick-Start Response MUST NOT be resent if it is lost in the
network. Packet loss could be an indication of congestion on the
...
... DF bit set is not
desirable, but sending a large number of packets that are fragmented
in the network can be equally undesirable.
If the sender ...
... It is always possible for a TCP SYN packet carrying a Quick-Start
request to be dropped in the network due to congestion, or to be
blocked due to interactions with routers ...
... Quick-Start Request approved only if the value
of TTL Diff for the packet entering the network is the same as the
value of TTL Diff for the packet exiting the network ...
... network is the same as the
value of TTL Diff for the packet exiting the network.
Simple tunnels ...
... may be added and removed at intermediate points along a path,
enabling the network to establish a tunnel without requiring endpoint
...
... propagates beyond the tunnel endpoint, or because the Quick-Start
Option exposes information to network scanners. Our approach is to
make supporting Quick-Start an option for IP tunnels ...
... encryption
implementation where the data encryption occurs between the network
drivers and the TCP/IP protocol stack [RFC4301 ...
... tunnels that need to be looked at are IP tunnels over non-
network protocols, such as IP over TCP and IP ...
... Ethernet or ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks, as
another instance of possible bottlenecks that do not participate in
the Quick-Start ...
... Quick-Start is that the packet carrying the Quick-Start Request could
be dropped in the network. It is particularly costly to the sender
when a TCP SYN packet ...
... bottleneck would be configured to reject Quick-Start Requests if that
was appropriate. One would hope that, in general, IP networks are
configured so that non-IP queues ...
... sender could try to transmit data at a higher rate than
that approved in the Quick-Start Request. The network could use a
traffic policer to protect against misbehaving senders ...
... traffic policers to check that the Report of Approved Rate
does not exceed the Rate Request actually approved at that point in
the network in the previous Quick-Start Request from that connection.
...
... sender did not send a Report of
Approved Rate; (3) the Approved Rate report was dropped in the
network; or (4) the Approved Rate report took a different path from
the Quick-Start Request. In any of these cases, the router ...
... Quick-Start could
help a sender evade policing actions from policers in the network.
The Report of Approved Rate is designed to address this and to make
...
... other cases, where cheating would result in Quick-Start packets being
dropped in the network, cheating might or might not improve the
receiver's performance ...
... Quick-Start
Request, then Quick-Start packets sent as a result of the falsely
approved request could be dropped in the network, to the possible
disadvantage of the connection. Thus, while the ingress and egress
...
... TTLs in order to
foil other kinds of attacks in the network. If such a traffic
normalizer rewrote the IP TTL ...
... attack could potentially make Quick-Start unusable, but
it would not do any further damage; in the worst case, the network
would function as a network without Quick-Start ...
... it would not do any further damage; in the worst case, the network
would function as a network without Quick-Start.
...
...
A router or other network host must be able to determine the
approximate bandwidth of its outbound network interfaces ...
... network host must be able to determine the
approximate bandwidth of its outbound network interfaces in order to
process incoming Quick-Start rate requests, including those that
...
... bandwidths;
this has the drawback of not being robust to errors in configuration.
Another possibility would be for network device drivers to infer the
bandwidth for the interface ...
... Because of possible problems discussed above concerning using Quick-
Start over some network paths and the security issues discussed in
Section 11, the most realistic initial deployment ...
... users of Quick-Start would likely be in organizations that provide
network services to their users and also have control over a large
portion of the network path.
...
... network services to their users and also have control over a large
portion of the network path.
Quick-Start ...
... intranets: These intranets
often have large network capacity, with networks that are
underutilized for much of the time [PABL+05 ...
... intranets
often have large network capacity, with networks that are
underutilized for much of the time [PABL+05]. Such intranets ...
... Quick-Start could be quite useful
in high-bandwidth networks used for scientific computing.
* Wireless networks ...
... networks used for scientific computing.
* Wireless networks: Quick-Start could also be useful in high-delay
environments of Cellular Wide-Area Wireless Networks ...
... Wireless networks: Quick-Start could also be useful in high-delay
environments of Cellular Wide-Area Wireless Networks, such as the
GPRS [BW97 ...
... range typically
from a few hundred milliseconds to over a second, excluding any
possible queueing delays in the network [GPAR02]. In addition,
these networks ...
... network [GPAR02]. In addition,
these networks sometimes have variable additional delays due to
resource allocation that could be avoided by keeping the connection
...
... will not, in fact, be used. While this impacts the global usability
of Quick-Start, it does not endanger the network as a whole since TCP
uses standard congestion control ...
... host occasionally uses Quick-Start when it is not approved
by the entire network path, the network will not collapse. Quick-
Start ...
... Quick-Start when it is not approved
by the entire network path, the network will not collapse. Quick-
Start does not remove ...
... TCP's basic congestion control mechanisms;
these will kick in when the network is heavily loaded, relegating any
Quick-Start mistake to a transient.
...
... Transport Services Working Group, and members of IPAM's program on
Large-Scale Communication Networks for both positive and negative
feedback on this proposal. We thank Srikanth Sundarrajan for the
initial implementation of Quick-Start ...
... queue). While [JD02] states that the proposed mechanism
does not cause significant increases in network utilization, losses,
or delays when done by one flow at a time, the approach could be
...
... TCP/SPAND proposal from [ZQK00] for speeding up short data
transfers, network performance information would be shared among many
co-located ...
... hosts to estimate each connection's fair share of the
network resources. Based on such estimation and the transfer size,
the TCP sender ...
... gateway that
monitors all traffic entering and leaving an organization's network.
Sharing information among TCP connections ...
... connection start-up using implicit techniques are more error-
prone than techniques that involve every element in the network
path. While explicit information from the network can be wrong,
...
... element in the network
path. While explicit information from the network can be wrong,
it has a much better chance of being appropriate than an end-host
...
... router to drop packets from competing
flows in the network. Such an approach would seem to require some
mechanism for the sender to ensure that the routers ...
... congestion control scheme, whereas Quick-Start represents a quick
check to determine if the network path is significantly underutilized
such that a connection can start ...
... TCP that would not rely on Lower Effort services in the
network, but would approximate below-best-effort traffic by detecting
and responding to congestion ...
... sender that the request was not approved. If the ICMP Reply was
dropped in the network, and did not reach the receiver, the sender
...
... ICMP Quick-Start Request was
dropped in the network due to congestion, the sender would assume
...
... router to the
sender is dropped in the network, the sender would still know that
the request was not approved, as stated earlier, so this would not be
...
... ICMP would cause a small amount of additional
traffic in the network, which is not the case when using IP options.
...
... ICMP and RSVP are also expected to be
similar: middleboxes in the network may not be able to forward the
Quick-Start Request messages, and the IP tunnels ...
... flow with a round-trip time of one
second, as is typical in some wireless networks, the TCP initial
window of 4380 bytes allowed by [RFC3390 ...
... is sent. Thus, with IPv4, packets from the initial window could end
up being fragmented in the network if the "Don't Fragment" (DF) bit ...
... congestion
avoidance. However, we note that this would not have been a
desirable response for either the connection or for the network as a
whole. The packet loss in the initial window indicates that Quick-
...
... bandwidth for that flow, even though
other packets from that window were dropped in the network. And,
further, that using half the number of segments that were
...
... congestion window indication. We believe that
such an assumption would require more analysis at this point,
particularly in a network with a range of packet dropping mechanisms
at the router ...
... bandwidth could use Approved Rate reports to learn when rate requests
had been decremented downstream in the network, and also to learn
when a sender begins to use the approved Quick-Start Request ...
... Quick-Start Request where the sender would rather have the request
denied than to have the rate request decremented in the network.
This could be used if the sender was only interested in using Quick-
...
... A. Gurtov, M. Passoja, O. Aalto, and M. Raitola. Multi- Layer Protocol Tracing in a GPRS Network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (Fall VTC2002), Vancouver, Canada, September 2002. ...
... M. Handley, C. Kreibich and V. Paxson, Network Intrusion Detection: Evasion, Traffic Normalization ...
... Transport Error Notification (ETEN) for Error-Prone Wireless and Satellite Networks. Technical Report No. 8333, BBN Technologies, March 2002. <http://www.icir.org/mallman/papers/>. ...
... Transport Error Notification (ETEN) for Error-Prone Wireless and Satellite Networks. Computer Networks, 46(3), October 2004. ...
... Notification (ETEN) for Error-Prone Wireless and Satellite Networks. Computer Networks, 46(3), October 2004. ...
... Pasi Sarolahti, Mark Allman, and Sally Floyd. Determining an Appropriate Sending Rate Over an Underutilized Network Path. February 2006. <http://www.icir.org/floyd/quickstart.html>. ...
... Singh, M., Guha, S., and P. Francis, "Utilizing spare network bandwidth to improve TCP performance", ACM SIGCOMM 2005 Work in Progress ...