network
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... host-to-host protocol between hosts in packet-switched computer
communication networks, and in interconnected systems of such networks.
...
... between hosts in packet-switched computer
communication networks, and in interconnected systems of such networks.
...
...
As strategic and tactical computer communication networks are
developed and deployed, it is essential to provide means of
interconnecting them and to provide standard interprocess
...
... connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable protocol designed to
fit into a layered hierarchy of protocols which support multi-network
applications. The TCP provides for reliable inter-process
...
... communication between pairs of processes in host computers attached to
distinct but interconnected computer communication networks. Very few
assumptions are made as to the reliability of the communication
...
... wide spectrum of communication systems ranging from hard-wired
connections to packet-switched or circuit-switched networks.
...
... addressing source and destination TCPs in different networks. The
internet protocol also deals with any fragmentation ...
... transport and delivery through
multiple networks and interconnecting gateways. The internet protocol
...
... internet protocol |
+---------------------+
|communication network|
+---------------------+
...
... which are co-resident with higher level protocols in the host
computer. Some computer systems will be connected to networks via
front-end computers which house the TCP ...
... TCP and internet protocol layers,
as well as network specific software. The TCP specification describes
an interface ...
... interface. TCP is designed to work in a very general environment of
interconnected networks. The lower level protocol which is assumed
throughout this document is the Internet Protocol [2 ...
...
The internetwork environment consists of hosts connected to networks
which are in turn interconnected via gateways. It is assumed here
...
... which are in turn interconnected via gateways. It is assumed here
that the networks may be either local networks (e.g., the ETHERNET) or
...
... gateways. It is assumed here
that the networks may be either local networks (e.g., the ETHERNET) or
large networks ...
... networks (e.g., the ETHERNET) or
large networks (e.g., the ARPANET), but in any case are based on
packet switching technology. The active ...
... agents that produce and
consume messages are processes. Various levels of protocols in the
networks, the gateways, and the hosts support an interprocess
...
... transaction between a host and its network. The format of data blocks
exchanged within the a network will generally not be of concern to us.
...
... host and its network. The format of data blocks
exchanged within the a network will generally not be of concern to us.
...
...
Hosts are computers attached to a network, and from the communication
network's point of view, are the sources and destinations ...
... Hosts are computers attached to a network, and from the communication
network's point of view, are the sources and destinations of packets.
Processes are viewed as the active ...
... TCP which provides an interface
to the local network. This internet module packages TCP segments ...
... gateway. To transmit the datagram
through the local network, it is embedded in a local network packet.
...
... internet datagram is "unwrapped"
from its local packet and examined to determine through which network
the internet datagram ...
... internet datagram is
then "wrapped" in a local packet suitable to the next network and
routed to the next gateway, or to the final destination ...
... datagram fragments if this is necessary for transmission
through the next network. To do this, the gateway produces a set of
internet ...
... internet module) to guide it in selecting the
service parameters to be used in traversing the next network.
Included in the type of service information is the precedence of the
...
... data structures. The actual interface to the network is assumed to be
controlled by a device driver module. The TCP does not call on the
...
... controlled by a device driver module. The TCP does not call on the
network device driver directly, but rather calls on the internet
datagram ...
... |
+---------------------------+
| Local Network Protocol | Network Level
+---------------------------+
...
... +---------------------------+
| Local Network Protocol | Network Level
+---------------------------+
...
... Internet Protocol and is transferred
across the TCP/Network interface in the arguments or results of
calls by the TCP on the IP ...
... connection from being used while the same sequence numbers may still
be present in the network from an earlier incarnation. We want to
assure this, even if a TCP crashes and loses all knowledge of the
...
... microseconds. Thus, the ISN cycles approximately every 4.55 hours.
Since we assume that segments will stay in the network no more than
the Maximum Segment Lifetime ...
... handshake is necessary because sequence numbers are not
tied to a global clock in the network, and TCPs may have different
mechanisms for picking the ISN's. The receiver of the first SYN ...
... sequence number which may be duplicated by an old segment remaining in
the network, the TCP must keep quiet for a maximum segment lifetime ...
... sequence number space each time a segment is formed and
entered into the network output queue at a source host. The
...
... packets with sequence numbers identical to or overlapping with
packets still in the network which were emitted on an earlier
incarnation of the same connection. In the absence of knowledge
...
... segment at B from A. Left arrows (<--), indicate the reverse.
Ellipsis (...) indicates a segment which is still in the network
(delayed). An "XXX" indicates a segment which is lost or rejected.
...
...
Because of the variability of the networks that compose an
internetwork system and the wide range of uses of TCP connections ...
... in excessive retransmissions, adding unnecessarily to the load on the
network and the TCPs. Indicating a small window may restrict the
transmission of data to the point of introducing a round trip delay
...
... connection specified. Depending upon the
implementation of the TCP, the local network and TCP identifiers
...
... performance, so it is not recommended. A more
sophisticated implementation would return immediately to allow
the process to run concurrently with network I/O, and,
furthermore, to allow multiple SENDs to be in progress.
Multiple SENDs are served in first come, first served order, so
...
... The TCP calls on a lower level protocol module to actually send and
receive information over a network. One case is that of the ARPA
internetwork system where the lower level module is the Internet
Protocol ...
... A message sent in a packet switched computer communications
network. ...
... A computer. In particular a source or destination of messages
from the point of view of the communication network. ...
... The unit of transmission within a local network. ...
... Cerf, V., and R. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-22, No. 5, pp 637-648, May 1974. ...
... Connection Management in Transport Protocols", Computer Networks, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 454-473, December 1978. ...